Learning Objectives
Describe and define four strategies that can emphasize your message.
Demonstrate the effective use of visuals in an oral or written presentation.
Demonstrate the effective use of signposts, internal summaries and foreshadowing, and repetition in an oral or written presentation.
One key to communication is capturing and holding the audience’s attention. No one likes to be bored, and no communicator likes to send boring messages. It often helps to use specific strategies for emphasis to keep your communications dynamic and interesting. Let’s examine some of these strategies and how to use them to strengthen your message.
Visual Communication
Adding a visual dimension to a document or speech can be an excellent way to hold your audience’s interest and make your meaning clear. But be careful not to get carried away. Perhaps the most important rule to remember when using visuals is this: the visuals are to support your document or presentation, not to take its place. A picture may be worth a thousand words, but the words really count. Make sure that your communication is researched, organized, and presented well enough to stand on its own. Whatever visuals you choose should be clearly associated with your verbal content, repeating, reinforcing, or extending the scope of your message.
Signposts
Signposts (or indicators) are keywords that alert the audience to a change in topic, a tangential explanation, an example, or a conclusion. Readers and listeners can sometimes be lulled into “losing their place”—forgetting what point is being made or how far along the discussion the writer or speaker has gotten. You can help your audience avoid this by signaling to them when a change is coming.
Common signposts include “on the one hand,” “on the other hand,” “the solution to this problem is,” “the reason for this is,” “for example,” “to illustrate,” “in conclusion,” or “in summary.”
Internal Summaries and Foreshadowing
Signposts, internal summaries, and foreshadowing help the audience keep track of where they are in the message. These strategies work by reviewing what has been covered and highlighting what is coming next.
As a simple example, suppose you are writing or presenting information on how to assemble a home emergency preparedness kit. If you begin by stating that four main items are needed for the kit, you are foreshadowing your message and helping your audience to watch or listen for four items. As you cover each of the items, you can say, “The first item,” “The second item,” “Now we’ve got
X and Y in our kit; what else do we need? Our third item is,” and so forth. These internal summaries help your audience keep track of progress as your message continues. (The four items are water, nonperishable food, first aid supplies, and a dust mask.) (Federal Emergency Management Administration, 2009)
With this strategy, you reinforce relationships between points, examples, and ideas in your message. This can be an effective strategy to encourage selective retention of your content.
Repetition
Saying the same word over and over may not seem like an effective strategy, but when used artfully, repetition can be an effective way to drive home your meaning and help your audience retain it in their memory. Many of history’s greatest speakers have used repetition in speeches that have stood the test of time. For example, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill gave a speech in 1940 that is remembered as his “We Shall Fight” speech; in it, he repeated the phrase “We shall fight” no fewer than six times. Similarly, in his famous “I Have a Dream” speech, Martin Luther King Jr. repeated the phrases “I have a Dream” and “Let freedom ring” with unforgettable effect.
Another form of repetition is indirect repetition: finding alternative ways of saying the same point or idea. Suppose your main point was, “Global warming is raising ocean levels.” You might go on to offer several examples, citing the level in each of the major oceans and seas while showing them on a map. You might use photographs or video to illustrate that beaches and islands are going underwater. Indirect repetition can underscore and support your points, helping them stand out in your audience’s memory.
Key Takeaway
Emphasize your message by using visuals, signposts, internal summaries, and foreshadowing, and repetition.
Exercises
Find a news article online or in a newspaper or magazine that uses several visuals. What do the visuals illustrate? Would the article be equally effective without them? Why or why not? Share your findings with your class.
Find an article or listen to a presentation that uses signposts. Identify the signposts and explain how they help the audience follow the article or presentation. Share your findings with your class.
Find the legend on a map. Pick one symbol and describe its use. Share and compare with the class.
Federal Emergency Management Administration. (2009). Get a kit. Retrieved from http://www.ready.gov/america/getakit.
This page titled 2.5: Emphasis Strategies is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Anonymous (LibreTexts Staff), from which source content was edited to the style and standards of the Pressbook platform licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License by Brandi Schur.
